Suchergebnisse

The future availability of fisheries resources is highly dependent on international coordination of management decisions, environmental conditions as well as fleet behaviour. Managing straddling and transboundary stocks (i.e. crossing Exclusive Economic Zone boundaries into adjacent international waters) is currently especially difficult due to many changes. Two such stocks, that are highly valuable for European fleets and provide many job opportunities, are the Northeast Atlantic (NEA) mackerel (Scomber scombrus) and North Sea autumn spawning (NSAS) herring (Clupea harengus) stocks. Current conflicts resulting from lack of management coordination or changes in environmental conditions seem, however, to threaten the status of those two stocks. These, in turn, can massively impair the livelihood of European fleets and corresponding employees targeting NEA mackerel and NSAS herring. It is therefore important to evaluate the effects of new management measures and other major impact factors on both the resource availability as well as the fleet behaviour as they are interdependent. Dynamic bio-economic models are now more commonly used as tools for fisheries management. They incorporate anthropogenic as well as natural processes to generate a better understanding of feedback mechanisms between the two systems. This thesis addresses the need to evaluate the impacts of current environmental, economic and political issues on the highly valuable NEA mackerel and NSAS herring stocks and the corresponding fisheries by applying and further developing the FishRent model. It is an age-structured simulation and optimization model that incorporates detailed stock and fleet dynamics on a short- to mid-term time-frame. By identifying the optimal effort allocation under a set of constraints, it can determine the equilibrium state that optimises a certain target variable, i.e. net profit. In the first chapter, the structure of eight pelagic fleets was investigated in order to understand the underlying data and illustrate possible differences. Furthermore, an existing version of FishRent was adapted from a demersal fishery to the pelagic and impacts of external factors (i.e. changes in recruitment, fish and fuel prices and an adaptation of the quota repartition key) on fleet net profit and stock biomass availability were determined on a temporal scale. In all scenarios, the Irish and German fleets were most vulnerable due to being very close to the economic break-even point. The implementation of a new quota repartition key according to biomass distribution of NEA mackerel and NSAS herring had the largest effect on all fleets, leading to losses of the German, Dutch and Danish fleets. The UK and Irish fleets, on the other hand, more than doubled their profit within a year. Alterations in fish and fuel prices had the second largest impacts on the eight fleets and the UK, Icelandic and large-scale Irish fleets had to disinvest nearly half of their fleet due to reporting losses. Reduced recruitment and a continued NSAS herring recruitment failure had the least influence on fleet profit compared to the other scenarios tested within this Chapter.

This paper analyses the effect of migration on other adaptation measures and on mitigation from a political economy perspective. Mitigation is represented by an ecotax while adaptation is represented by a dike. In our model, we focus on a coastal region where individuals are heterogeneous in income and location and where flood risk exists. A main result is that the option to move away decreases the political support for mitigation while the effect on adaptation can be positive or negative.

Abstract
A space for dialogue between people and the cultures is a focus of this article. To start with, the biblical basis for analysing spiritual experience is presented, followed by the components of Christian spiritual-religious experience. It is also explored whether it is possible to cross-reference the said components with the culture of dialogue. A particular focus is made on the spirituality of encounter and mysticism that leads to a conclusion that a reliable and continuously deepening reflection on Christian spirituality shows its value not only on a "vertical" (upright) plane, i.e. a dialogue with God, but also on a horizontal, flat plane. It shapes the overall attitude of a person, both towards other people and towards themselves, as well as towards the world around them. Certain elements may play a major role in shaping the culture of dialogue between people and the communities of people. These elements are: relational character, desire of getting to know "the other you", emphasizing the dignity of "the other you", mutual respect, shared search for and acceptance of the truth and a communal dimension (communion). The ethical aspects of spiritual experience – including a mystical experience – such as conscience, virtue or value, have also been regarded because the ethical elements play a very important role in the dialogue of people and communities.

This report describes the process whereby the House and the Senate revise measures to be identical before sending them to the president. This is a revised edition of a report published in 1999.

This report contains an introduction of the conference committee and related procedures. It also points out Acting on the Same Bill

This report is on the Availability of Legislative Measures in the House of Representatives (The Three-Day Rule).

L'article est à la fois une synthèse des résultats des recherches effectuées ces dix dernières années à l'Institut de l'État et du Droit de l'Académie Polonaise des Sciences et une analyse historique de la position du gouvernement et des organes supérieurs du pouvoir depuis la première constitution de la République populaire de Pologne.
Il est nécessaire, pour comprendre l'évolution de ces derniers, de tenir compte du rôle dirigeant du parti, qui exerce également son contrôle politique sur tous les organes étatiques et sociaux de l'État socialiste.
L'auteur examine successivement :
— comment le parti exerce ce rôle de direction et de contrôle ;
— quels sont la position et le rôle du Conseil des Ministres et des ministres eux-mêmes ;
— quelles sont les compétences des organes du Conseil des Ministres (insuffisamment précisées par la Constitution) ;
— comment a évolué le rôle du président du Conseil des Ministres ;
— quel est le rôle du Parquet, et quel doit être son niveau d'indépendance par rapport au gouvernement.
Il évoque pour terminer les décisions du Congrès extraordinaire du Parti Ouvrier Unifié Polonais en 1981 et les modifications effectuées en 1980 dans le Règlement de la Diète qui ont eu leur importance dans le domaine considéré.